Answer first 先讲结论
To take a Malaysian data centre from zero to operation, the sponsor must run several coordinated workstreams—not one linear approval application. The project begins with a bankable business and capacity brief, then proceeds through corporate and funding structure, site control, utility feasibility, land and planning due diligence, concept design, authority engagement, detailed design, procurement, construction, energisation, commissioning and operational acceptance.
在马来西亚把数据中心从零做到正式营运，并不是只完成一条审批流程。真正可执行的项目必须同时推进多条工作线：先建立可融资的商业与容量需求，再处理项目公司和资金架构、土地控制、公用事业可行性、土地与规划尽调、概念设计、主管机关沟通、详细设计、采购、施工、通电、调试以及最终营运验收。
Power, planning, fibre, water, environmental constraints and commercial demand must be tested before the land purchase becomes unconditional.
在土地交易变成无条件之前，必须尽量确认电力、规划、光纤、水务、环境限制和商业需求。
A realistic programme is site-specific. A smaller enterprise facility in an existing building is fundamentally different from a phased hyperscale campus requiring high-voltage supply, new substations and extensive civil works.
真正可行的进度表必须针对实际地块。改造现有建筑的小型企业数据中心，与需要高压供电、新变电站和大量土建工程的分期Hyperscale园区，项目复杂度完全不同。
No article can confirm that a particular project will be approved. The developer should appoint Malaysian legal counsel and the appropriate town planner, architects, professional engineers, land surveyor, environmental consultants, quantity surveyor, utility specialists, fire consultants, commissioning authority and other competent persons.
任何文章都不能保证某个项目一定获批。发展商仍须委任马来西亚律师、规划师、建筑师、专业工程师、注册土地测量师、环境顾问、工料测量师、公用事业专家、消防顾问、调试顾问及其他合资格专业人士。
The complete 13-stage roadmap
从零到营运的13个阶段
Stage 0 — Define the product before looking for land
第0阶段：还没看地之前，先定义产品
The first document should be a concise investment and technical brief.
第一份文件应是一份简洁但完整的投资与技术需求书。
It should state/ 应明确：
- enterprise, colocation, hyperscale, cloud or AI/HPC use;
企业自用、Colocation、Hyperscale、Cloud或AI/HPC；
- Phase 1 IT load and ultimate campus IT load;
第一阶段IT负载及最终园区IT负载；
- expected rack density and cooling concept;
预计机柜密度和冷却概念；
- target customers and contracted-demand assumptions;
目标客户及预租／预售需求假设；
- required resilience level and maintainability approach;
所需冗余等级及维护方式；
- target ready-for-service date for each phase;
每个阶段目标Ready for Service日期；
- development budget, funding envelope and return thresholds; and
开发预算、融资规模和投资回报门槛；以及
- preferred Malaysian corridors, latency requirements and customer proximity.
马来西亚目标地区、延迟要求及客户距离。
Do not confuse IT load with total facility demand.
不要把IT负载当成整个数据中心的总设施用电量。
A screening calculation starts with:
初步计算公式为：
Total facility electricity demand = IT load × design PUE
总设施用电需求 = IT负载 × 设计PUE
The actual application must also reflect phasing, redundancy architecture, commissioning loads and engineering margins.
实际电力申请还要考虑分期、冗余架构、调试负载和工程余量。
Malaysia’s sustainable data-centre guideline uses PUE, CUE and WUE as core measurements and provides category-specific design targets. These metrics should enter the project brief before site selection—not after the cooling plant has been procured.
马来西亚可持续数据中心指南采用PUE、CUE和WUE作为核心指标，并为不同类别提供设计目标。这些指标应在选地前就纳入项目需求，而不是在冷却设备采购以后才考虑。
Stage 1 — Establish the project, funding and operating structure
第1阶段：建立项目公司、资金及营运架构
Decide whether the land owner, developer, asset owner and operator are the same entity.
先决定地主、发展商、资产持有人及营运商是否属于同一家公司。
Determine/ 明确：
- the Malaysian project company and beneficial ownership;
马来西亚项目公司及实益拥有人；
- equity, shareholder loans, development finance and customer pre-commitments;
股权、股东贷款、发展融资及客户预承诺；
- whether land will be purchased, leased or held through another project entity;
土地是购买、租赁，还是由另一项目公司持有；
- construction and operating tax treatment;
建设及营运税务安排；
- investment facilitation or incentives that may be applicable;
可适用的投资协调或奖励；
- governance for material changes in capacity, cost and schedule; and
容量、成本及进度重大变化的治理机制；以及
- who will sign the electricity, water, telecoms and construction agreements.
谁负责签署电力、水务、电讯和工程协议。
An incentive is not a substitute for planning, utility or operating approvals.
投资奖励并不能取代规划、公用事业或营运批准。
Engage MIDA early where investment facilitation or DESAC treatment is relevant, but keep the technical project independently bankable.
如项目涉及投资协调或DESAC，应尽早与MIDA沟通，但项目本身仍必须在技术及商业上独立可行。
Stage 2 — Search for a site using a written requirement 第2阶段：用书面需求寻找土地
The site brief should include target and ultimate acreage, IT capacity, total facility maximum demand, required energisation dates, fibre latency and route-diversity needs, cooling and water strategy, flood tolerance, access for transformers and generators, security buffer, phase sequencing and expansion rights.
选地需求应包括目标及最终土地面积、IT容量、设施总最大需量、通电日期、光纤延迟与路线多样性、冷却及用水策略、防洪标准、变压器和发电机运输条件、保安缓冲区、分期及扩建权。
Initial screening should cover/ 初筛至少检查：
- exact coordinates, title boundaries and gross versus net developable area;
准确坐标、地界、总面积与净可建面积；
- registered land category, express conditions, restrictions in interest and local-plan zoning;
地契用途、明文条件、利益限制及地方规划分区；
- realistic TNB connection point, voltage, route, capacity and delivery date;
TNB连接点、电压、路线、容量及交付日期；
- at least two physically diverse fibre pathways—not merely two carrier quotations;
至少两条真正物理分离的光纤路径，而不只是两家Telco报价；
- water source, normal and peak demand, storage, discharge and water-stress exposure;
水源、正常及最高用水、储水、排放及水资源压力；
- flood history, platform level, drainage outfall and access during extreme weather;
洪水历史、平台标高、排水出口及极端天气下的通行；
- geotechnical conditions and earthwork quantities;
岩土条件及土方量；
- road geometry, bridge capacity and abnormal-load access;
道路几何、桥梁承载及大型设备运输路线；
- nearby hazardous, dusty, smoky, vibrating or high-risk activities;
周边危险、粉尘、烟雾、震动或高风险用途；
- fire, generator fuel, battery, noise, air-emission and environmental constraints; and
消防、柴油、蓄电池、噪音、排放及环境限制；以及
- expansion control and neighbouring future development.
扩建土地控制及邻地未来发展。
“A substation is nearby” is not proof of available power. “Two telcos are nearby” is not proof of physical route diversity.
“附近有变电站”不代表有可用电力；“附近有两家Telco”也不代表拥有两条真正独立的光纤路线。
Stage 3 — Control the site without removing the project’s protections
第3阶段：控制土地，但不要过早承担致命风险
Before committing an unconditional deposit, obtain legal advice on an option, conditional sale and purchase agreement, conditional lease or other suitable structure.
支付不可退订金前，应让律师设计Option、附条件买卖协议、附条件租约或其他合适架构。
Critical protections may include:
关键保障可能包括：
- rights to enter for survey, boreholes and utility investigations;
允许进入土地进行测量、钻孔和公用设施调查；
- satisfactory title, planning, power, fibre, water, geotechnical, flood and environmental due diligence;
地契、规划、电力、光纤、水务、岩土、防洪及环境尽调满意；
- state or third-party consents where applicable;
适用的州政府或第三方同意；
- a sufficiently long feasibility period and long-stop date;
足够长的可行性期及最终截止日；
- deposit release and refund mechanics;
订金释放和退款机制；
- cooperation for authority and utility applications;
卖方配合主管机关及公用事业申请；
- wayleave, easement, road and utility-corridor rights;
Wayleave、Easement、道路及公用设施走廊权利；
- vacant possession and removal of incompatible occupation; and
空置交付及清除不相容占用；以及
- termination rights if a defined critical requirement fails.
关键条件失败时的终止权。
The legal drafting must match the exact transaction.
法律条文必须符合真实交易结构。
A vague clause saying “subject to data-centre approval” may not define who applies, what approval is sufficient or what happens when only Phase 1 power is offered.
只写“Subject to data-centre approval”太笼统。必须明确由谁申请、什么批准才算满足，以及如果只能取得第一期电力应如何处理。
Stage 4 — Run bankable feasibility workstreams in parallel
第4阶段：多条可行性工作同时推进
Power 电力
Submit the precise lot, initial and ultimate load, phasing and required dates for formal assessment.
向TNB提交准确地块、第一期与最终用电、分期以及要求通电日期。
Confirm the proposed supply voltage, connection point, network reinforcement, substation land, cable route, wayleaves, charges, agreements and energisation conditions.
确认供电电压、连接点、电网加强、变电站用地、电缆路线、Wayleave、费用、协议及通电条件。
TNB’s Green Lane and One-Stop-Centre can facilitate eligible high-voltage data-centre projects, but published pathway timing is not a guarantee for every site.
TNB Green Lane及One-Stop-Centre可为符合条件的高压数据中心项目提供协调，但公开时间表并不代表每一块土地都保证相同交付时间。
Planning, title and land 规划、地契与土地
Obtain current titles, searches and survey information.
取得最新地契、查册和测量资料。
A planner should check local-plan zoning and the applicable data-centre planning guideline, while counsel reviews tenure, restrictions, encumbrances, access and required consents.
规划师应核对地方规划及适用的数据中心规划指南；律师则审查地契年限、限制、产权负担、出入口及所需同意。
Test the concept master plan against setbacks, plot ratio, building height, road and fire access, drainage, utilities, security and phase boundaries.
用概念总图测试退界、Plot Ratio、建筑高度、道路和消防通道、排水、公用设施、保安及分期边界。
Water, drainage and environment 水、排水与环境
Quantify potable, process, fire and construction demand.
分别计算饮用水、工艺用水、消防用水及施工用水。
Match this to the selected cooling system.
把用水需求与冷却技术匹配。
Evaluate water-stress exposure, supply redundancy, storage, discharge and reuse.
评估水资源压力、备用供水、储水、排放和回用。
Conduct flood, drainage and platform-level work early.
尽早完成洪水、排水及平台标高研究。
Screen prescribed activities and environmental approvals with a qualified consultant; do not assume every project follows an identical EIA route.
是否需要EIA或其他环境批准，应由合资格顾问按实际项目判断，不要假设每个数据中心都采用相同审批路线。
Fibre 光纤
Obtain route drawings and feasibility from carriers.
向电信商取得路线图及可行性资料。
Confirm two physically separate entries, ducts, upstream paths and service dates.
确认两个真正不同的入口、不同管道、不同上游物理路径及服务日期。
Test latency to the required exchanges and customer locations.
测试至目标Internet Exchange及客户地点的网络延迟。
Ground and logistics 土质与运输
Complete topographical, cadastral and utility surveys, geotechnical investigation and contamination screening as appropriate.
按需要完成地形、地籍、公用设施、岩土和污染调查。
Trace the route for transformers, generators, chillers and prefabricated modules, including bridge and turning constraints.
确认变压器、发电机、Chiller及预制模块的运输路线，并检查桥梁和转弯限制。
At the feasibility gate, the investment committee should see an evidence register with each requirement marked confirmed, conditional, unresolved or failed.
可行性阶段完成时，投资委员会应看到一份证据清单，把每个条件分为已确认、有条件、未解决或失败。
Stage 5 — Freeze a concept and authority strategy
第5阶段：固定概念设计及审批策略
The concept design should establish:
概念设计应确定：
- data-hall modules and phase boundaries;
数据机房模块和分期边界；
- IT capacity, electrical topology and redundancy;
IT容量、电气拓扑及冗余；
- cooling and water balance;
冷却及水量平衡；
- utility intake and customer substations;
公用事业进线和客户变电站；
- generators, batteries, fuel storage and acoustic treatment;
发电机、蓄电池、燃油储存及隔音；
- fire strategy and emergency access;
消防策略及紧急通道；
- drainage, detention, platform levels and earthworks;
排水、蓄洪、平台标高及土方；
- fibre rooms, diverse entries and carrier interfaces;
光纤房、不同入口及运营商接口；
- physical-security zoning;
物理保安分区；
- maintenance replacement routes;
维修及设备更换路线；
- temporary works and construction power; and
临时工程及施工电力；以及
- future expansion without interrupting live phases.
不影响已营运阶段的未来扩建。
Create an approval matrix listing every submission, responsible consultant, prerequisite, review authority, target date and dependency.
同时建立审批矩阵，列出每项申请、负责顾问、前置条件、审查单位、目标日期及依赖关系。
Depending on the site and configuration, work may involve the local planning authority/OSC, land office, PLANMalaysia inputs, BOMBA, TNB, water and sewerage bodies, DOE, Energy Commission, DOSH and other technical agencies.
实际项目可能涉及地方政府OSC、土地局、PLANMalaysia相关要求、BOMBA、TNB、水务、排污、DOE、能源委员会、DOSH及其他技术机构。
The exact list is determined by the actual proposal and jurisdiction.
最终清单必须按实际项目及所在地确认。
Stages 6 and 7 — Secure approvals and complete coordinated design
第6及第7阶段：取得批准并完成协调详细设计
Planning permission does not by itself authorise construction or operation.
规划许可本身并不等于可以直接施工或营运。
Land matters, earthworks, roads and drainage, building plans, fire requirements, electrical installations, environmental controls and utility agreements must be advanced in the correct sequence.
土地、土方、道路排水、建筑图、消防、电气、环境及公用事业协议必须按正确顺序推进。
Detailed design must convert the performance brief into coordinated documents.
详细设计必须把性能需求转化为一套协调一致的工程文件。
Resolve clashes between structural loading, cable routes, cooling pipes, fuel systems, fire compartmentation, security, maintenance clearances and future phases before they reach site.
必须在施工前解决结构荷载、电缆路线、冷却管线、燃油系统、消防分区、保安、维修净空和未来分期之间的冲突。
Maintain a live code-and-authority compliance register and a design-change process.
持续维护法规与主管机关合规表，并建立设计变更流程。
Use independent peer review for high-risk systems.
高风险系统宜安排独立审查。
The commissioning authority should be appointed during design—not after construction—so that testability, isolation and failure scenarios are designed into the facility.
调试顾问应在设计阶段参与，而不是等建筑完工后才加入，这样才能把可测试性、隔离和故障情景直接设计进系统。
Stage 8 — Procure around capacity, lead time and performance
第8阶段：根据容量、交期和性能进行采购
Data-centre programmes are often controlled by long-lead electrical and mechanical equipment.
数据中心工期往往受到长交期机电设备控制。
Procurement should identify early orders for:
采购计划应尽早锁定：
- transformers/ 变压器；
- switchgear/ 开关设备；
- generators/ 发电机；
- UPS;-- cooling plant / 冷却设备；以及
- specialist control systems/ 专业控制系统。
Tender documents should clearly allocate:
招标文件应明确：
- design responsibility and interface risk;
设计责任及接口风险；
- utility and authority dependencies;
公用事业及政府审批依赖；
- programme milestones and delay treatment;
工期里程碑及延误处理；
- energy and water performance;
能耗及用水表现；
- factory and site acceptance tests;
工厂及现场验收测试；
- cybersecurity and controls requirements;
网络安全和控制系统要求；
- commissioning participation;
调试参与责任；
- defects, warranties, spares and training; and
缺陷、保修、备件及培训；以及
- capacity and reliability acceptance criteria.
容量和可靠性验收标准。
The lowest capital price is not necessarily the lowest whole-life or schedule risk.
最低采购价格，不一定代表最低全生命周期成本或最低工期风险。
Stages 9 and 10 — Construct, connect and preserve evidence
第9及第10阶段：施工、连接并保留完整证据
Construction requires disciplined quality, safety, document and change control.
施工必须严格管理质量、安全、文件及变更。
Maintain/ 应保存：
- approved-for-construction drawings/ 批准施工图；
- material approvals/ 材料审批；
- inspection and test plans/ 检查及测试计划；
- photographs/ 现场照片；
- test certificates/ 测试证书；
- non-conformance records/ 不合格记录；以及
- as-built information/ As-built资料。
Utility works must be treated as an integrated programme.
公用事业工程必须作为主进度的一部分统一管理。
Track substation land, civil routes, protection studies, metering, agreements, network works, witness tests and energisation prerequisites.
追踪变电站用地、土建路线、保护研究、计量、协议、电网工程、见证测试及通电前置条件。
Do the same for water, sewerage and diverse fibre circuits.
水务、排污和双路光纤也必须采用相同方式管理。
If permanent power is late, temporary power rarely reproduces the full commissioning environment.
如果永久电力延迟，临时电通常无法完整复制最终调试环境。
The project schedule should distinguish mechanical completion, energisation, commissioning and commercial ready-for-service.
项目进度应清楚区分机械完工、通电、调试和商业Ready for Service。
Stage 11 — Commission systems, not just equipment
第11阶段：调试整个系统，而不是只测试单台设备
A robust commissioning structure normally progresses through:
完整调试通常包括：
1. factory inspections and factory acceptance testing;
工厂检查及Factory Acceptance Test；
2. installation verification and pre-functional checks;
安装核查及启动前检查；
3. equipment start-up and functional performance testing;
单机启动与功能性能测试；
4. system-level testing under design and failure conditions; and
系统级设计工况与故障工况测试；以及
5. integrated systems testing across electrical, cooling, controls, fire, security and communications.
电力、冷却、控制、消防、保安和通信的综合系统测试。
Test scenarios should reflect the approved design:
测试情景应根据已批准设计，包括：
- loss of utility/ 市电中断；
- generator start and transfer/ 发电机启动和转换；
- UPS behaviour/ UPS表现；
- cooling failure/ 冷却故障；
- control-network loss/ 控制网络中断；
- fire alarm cause-and-effect/ 消防Cause-and-Effect；
- emergency response/ 应急反应；以及
- recovery/ 恢复。
Close material defects and repeat affected tests.
重大缺陷必须关闭，并重新进行受影响的测试。
The final record should show what was tested, under what load, who witnessed it, deviations, corrective work and acceptance.
最终记录必须说明测试内容、测试负载、见证人员、偏差、整改及最终接受。
Stage 12 — Build the operating company before handover
第12阶段：交付前先建立完整营运团队
Recruit and train the facility, electrical, mechanical, security, network, safety and customer-operations teams early.
设施、电气、机械、保安、网络、安全及客户营运团队应提早招聘和培训。
Prepare/ 应准备：
- standard, maintenance and emergency operating procedures;
标准、维修及紧急操作程序；
- switching and permit-to-work controls;
Switching和Permit-to-Work制度；
- escalation and incident-management plans;
事故升级及事件管理；
- preventive-maintenance system and spare-parts strategy;
预防性维修和备件策略；
- vendor support and service-level agreements;
供应商支持及SLA；
- energy, PUE, water/WUE and carbon monitoring;
能源、PUE、水／WUE及碳排监测；
- security screening, visitor and media-handling procedures;
保安审查、访客及Media Handling流程；
- customer onboarding, remote hands and change management;
客户Onboarding、Remote Hands及变更管理；
- business continuity, disaster recovery and drills; and
业务持续、灾难恢复及演习；以及
- operating licences, certificates, insurance and statutory inspection calendar.
营运执照、证书、保险及法定检查日历。
The Energy Commission’s licensing framework may apply to public or private electrical installations depending on configuration, capacity, ownership and exemptions.
能源委员会的许可制度可能根据电气装置的性质、容量、所有权及适用豁免而生效。
Obtain project-specific advice from competent electrical professionals and the Commission.
应由合资格电气专业人士及主管机关针对实际项目确认。
Do not treat backup generation as an unregulated afterthought.
不要假设备用发电系统不受监管。
Stage 13 — Ready for service and continuous operation
第13阶段：Ready for Service与持续营运
Commercial operation begins only when the agreed RFS criteria have been achieved.
只有满足双方约定的RFS标准后，才应进入商业营运。
These may include/ 可能包括：
- authority and utility prerequisites; 主管机关及公用事业条件；
- capacity tests; 容量测试；
- integrated testing; 综合系统测试；
- as-built records; As-built记录；
- operating procedures; 营运程序；
- trained staff; 受训员工；
- spares; 备件；
- customer connectivity; and 客户光纤连接；以及
- formal acceptance. 正式验收。
After opening, the operator must continuously manage/ 正式营运后，仍要持续管理：
- capacity and redundancy headroom;
容量和冗余余量；
- energy, water and sustainability performance;
能源、水务和可持续表现；
- alarms, incidents and corrective actions;
警报、事故及整改；
- preventive maintenance and statutory inspections;
预防性维护和法定检查；
- customer SLAs and audit evidence;
客户SLA和审计证据；
- firmware, controls and cybersecurity changes;
固件、控制系统及网络安全变化；
- fuel, battery and fire-system condition;
柴油、电池及消防系统状况；
- expansion interfaces with live operations; and
扩建与现有营运的接口；以及
- renewal of licences, certificates and insurance.
执照、证书及保险续期。
Which workstreams must run in parallel?
哪些工作必须同时推进？
The five investment gates 五个投资关口
Gate A — Search approval 搜索批准
The product, load, locations, budget and RFS target are defined.
产品、负载、地点、预算和RFS目标已定义。
Gate B — Site control 土地控制
Access and conditional rights are secured without prematurely accepting critical risk.
已经取得调查和有条件控制权，但没有过早承担关键风险。
Gate C — Feasibility approval 可行性批准
Power, planning, fibre, water, land, hazard and concept-layout evidence support the investment case.
电力、规划、光纤、水务、土地、风险及概念图有足够证据支持投资。
Gate D — Final investment decision 最终投资决定
Funding, approvals strategy, design, procurement, customers, cost and programme are sufficiently mature.
资金、审批策略、设计、采购、客户、成本和时间表已足够成熟。
Gate E — Ready for service
Statutory, utility, commissioning and operating acceptance criteria are closed.
法定、公用事业、调试及营运验收条件全部完成。
Common reasons projects stall 最常见的项目停滞原因
- buying land before receiving site-specific power and planning evidence;
未取得地块专属电力和规划证据就买地；
- using MW without distinguishing IT load and facility demand;
使用MW数字却没有区分IT负载与总设施用电；
- assuming nearby infrastructure has spare capacity;
误以为附近基础设施一定有剩余容量；
- treating incentives or facilitation as development approval;
把投资奖励或协调当成发展批准；
- testing only equipment, not integrated failure scenarios;
只测试设备，没有进行综合故障测试；
- ordering long-lead equipment before interfaces are frozen;
接口未固定就购买长交期设备；
- appointing operations and commissioning teams too late;
太迟委任调试和营运团队；
- failing to secure easements, wayleaves or abnormal-load access; and
没有取得Easement、Wayleave或大型设备运输通道；以及
- promising customers an RFS date that is not tied to utility delivery.
向客户承诺的RFS日期没有与公用事业交付时间挂钩。
Frequently Asked Questions 常见问题
1. How long does it take to develop a data centre in Malaysia? 在马来西亚建设数据中心需要多久？
There is no universal duration. Conversion of an existing building, a new medium-voltage facility and a hyperscale campus requiring network reinforcement have different programmes.
没有统一答案。旧建筑改造、中压新建项目，以及需要新高压网络工程的Hyperscale园区，其进度完全不同。
The critical path is often power, land/planning resolution, long-lead equipment, construction and integrated commissioning.
关键路径通常是电力、土地与规划、长交期设备、施工及综合调试。
Build a site-specific schedule from written utility and authority feedback.
必须根据实际地块获得的公用事业及政府书面回复编制进度表。
2. Should the developer buy the land before applying for power? 应该先买地，还是先申请电力？
Not unconditionally as a general rule.
一般不建议在关键可行性尚未确认前无条件买地。
Secure sufficient site control and investigation rights, then structure conditions and dates around critical feasibility.
应先取得足够的土地控制和调查权，再把关键可行性条件和期限写入交易结构。
Malaysian legal counsel should tailor the transaction.
具体条款应由马来西亚律师按实际交易拟定。
3. Is industrial zoning enough? 工业用途就一定可以做数据中心吗？
No. 不一定。
Verify the title, express conditions, restrictions, local plan, data-centre planning requirements and the actual development proposal.
还要核对地契、明文条件、利益限制、地方规划、数据中心规划要求及实际设计。
Industrial status alone does not confirm approval.
Industrial status本身并不是批准。
4. Does TNB Green Lane guarantee power in 12 months? TNB Green Lane是否保证12个月通电？
No. 不保证。
TNB announced a fast-track pathway and One-Stop-Centre for eligible data-centre investors, but actual connection scope and timing remain project- and network-specific.
TNB曾公布快速通道和One-Stop-Centre，但实际连接工程及时间仍取决于项目及电网条件。
Rely on written terms for the exact site and phases.
应依赖针对实际地块及开发阶段的书面方案。
5. When should commissioning begin? 什么时候开始准备调试？
Commissioning planning should begin during design.
调试规划应在设计阶段就开始。
The commissioning authority must influence test points, isolation, controls, sequences and failure scenarios before systems are built.
调试顾问必须在设备建成前参与测试点、隔离、控制逻辑、操作顺序和故障情景设计。